What is the principle for determining the number of blastholes in a tunneling face?

The number of blastholes is mainly determined by the section of the shaft, the nature of the rock, and the amount of charge per cycle.
So far, the formula that is commonly used for everyone to make estimates and propose design basis is an empirical formula and an analytical formula:
    First, the empirical formula
In the formula:
N - the number of blastholes required for each tunneling cycle;
F-rock solidity factor;
The cross-sectional area of ​​the S-well lane, m 2 .
    Second, the analysis formula
N=qShη/ɑg
In the formula:
Cross-sectional area of ​​S-wellway, m 2 ;
H-the average charge length of each blasthole, mm;
Η-blasting utilization factor should be 0.8~0.95;
Ɑ-charge coefficient, the ratio of charge length to blasthole depth, 掏 ɑ 0.6 = 0.6 ~ 0.8, auxiliary eye ɑ = 0.5 ~ 0.7;
G-the average charge of each blasthole, kg;
Q-explosive unit consumption, kg/m 3 .
In the above formula, the blastholes are distributed substantially evenly according to the amount of explosive required for each tunneling cycle.

Optogenetics is a booming multidisciplinary bioengineering technology. It has the characteristic of high spatial-temporal resolution and cell-type specific. It overcomes the disadvantages of traditional methods of the activity control for the cell and organism, and also provides a revolutionary method for the research of neuroscience. The research fields include fundamental research of neural circuit, study and memory research, habituation research, dyskinesia, sleep disorders, parkinsonism, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder etc., and many classic laboratory animal germ line (drosophila melanogaster, nemathelminth, mice, Marmoset, and machin etc.)
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine, genetics, and allied disciplines including philosophy, physics, and psychology. It also exerts influence on other fields, such as neuroinduction and neurology. The scope of neuroscience has broadened to include different approaches used to study the molecular, cellular, developmental, structural, functional, evolutionary, computational, and medical aspects of the nervous system.

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  Research achievements of CNI Laser for Optogenetics from customers                                                           

 (1) Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall (Nature, 484(7394): 381–385. doi:10.1038/nature11028) (CNI-473nm)


 (2) Ultrahigh accuracy imaging modality for super-localization microscopy (Nature Methods, VOL.10,2013,335) (CNI-635nm and 488nm)


 (3) Optogenetic silencing of locus coeruleus activity in mice impairs cognitive flexibility in an attentional

      set-shifting task (ORIGINALRESEARCH doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00286) (CNI-589nm)


 (4) Optogenetic Evidence That Pallidal Projections, Not Nigral Projections, from the Nucleus Accumbens Core Are Necessary

       for Reinstating Cocaine Seeking (The Journal of Neuroscience, 2013•33(34):13654–13662) (CNI-561nm)


 (5) Control of a specific motor program by a small brain area in zebrafish (Front Neural Circuits, 2013; 7: 67) (CNI-405nm and 457nm)


 (6) Fatal Neurological Respiratory Insufficiency Is Common Among Viral Encephalitides (Oxford Journals, 2013:208) (CNI-470nm)


 (7) Temperature-dependent Activation of Neurons by Continuous Near-Infrared Laser (Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics,vol.53, 33-42,2009) (CNI-1064nm)


 (8) Distal connectivity causes summation and division across mouse visual cortex (Nature Neuroscience, 2014,Volume:17,Pages 30–32) (CNI-473nm)

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