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Engineering Supervision for Bifacial PV Systems
Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules have the unique ability to harness sunlight from both the front and back sides, converting it into electricity. This dual-sided design significantly enhances solar project performance by increasing yield and reducing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). As a result, bifacial PV modules are becoming increasingly popular across various solar applications, including rooftop installations, carports, and ground-mounted arrays.
However, the growing adoption of bifacial PV systems places greater emphasis on the need for specialized engineering oversight. Existing codes and standards primarily cater to traditional monofacial PV designs, offering limited guidance specific to bifacial applications. Additionally, equipment manufacturers—such as module suppliers, racking providers, and inverter vendors—often provide conflicting recommendations that prioritize their own interests. Navigating these challenges to create an optimized bifacial PV system requires a team with extensive expertise and experience in solar engineering.
Meeting regulatory requirements while maintaining equipment warranties is crucial. Current PV power circuits are designed to handle currents proportional to irradiance. Since bifacial modules collect additional light from the rear side, the current levels in these circuits are higher than those of monofacial arrays under similar conditions. To comply with safety regulations and protect both personnel and property, all DC circuits in a bifacial PV system must be engineered to accommodate these increased currents.
Similarly, inverters and other power electronics used within the PV system must operate within safe voltage and current limits specified by the manufacturer. Ignoring these guidelines risks damaging the equipment and voiding warranties. When warranties are voided, the responsibility shifts from the equipment manufacturer to the engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor or project owner. This shift increases financial risk since any failures resulting from improper use could lead to denied warranty claims, even if designing a compliant system proves challenging.
The National Electrical Code (NEC) currently lacks specific provisions addressing bifacial modules. Therefore, engineers must rely on their knowledge and experience to adapt NEC requirements to fit bifacial applications. This adaptation demands careful consideration of site-specific weather data, project-specific configurations, and manufacturer instructions.
Performance risk and penalties for underperforming systems also pose significant concerns. Code-compliant designs typically incorporate safety margins when sizing conductors and overcurrent protection devices, making them inherently conservative. For bifacial PV systems, this conservatism must align with realistic expectations derived from detailed modeling incorporating specific site conditions, equipment setups, and manufacturer guidance. Misapplying these conservative assumptions during performance modeling can lead to inflated estimates of energy production, masking actual output levels.
To mitigate performance risks and avoid penalties, a dedicated performance model tailored to bifacial systems is essential. Such a model should account for factors like rear-side shading, mismatch losses, long-term weather trends, average monthly albedo (surface reflectivity), soil accumulation rates on both sides, and module degradation over time. A finely tuned performance model plays a critical role in meeting acceptance criteria set by standards like ASTM.
Optimizing a bifacial PV project involves balancing cost efficiency with energy generation maximization. Unlike monofacial systems where a single model suffices for both design and performance prediction, bifacial applications require separate models for each purpose. Project engineers must evaluate both models simultaneously to strike the right balance between enhancing system performance and controlling costs.
Challenges arise due to inconsistencies among manufacturers regarding how they report bifacial gain figures. Although efforts are ongoing to establish standardized metrics, no universal agreement exists yet. Some manufacturers offer comprehensive details about their products' capabilities, whereas others provide sparse information. Engineers bear the responsibility of interpreting these data accurately to make informed decisions.
Underestimating bifacial gain poses safety risks, while overestimating it threatens financial viability. Overestimation necessitates larger conductors, higher fuse ratings, and increased arc-flash thresholds, impacting overall system costs negatively. An experienced design engineer ensures safety under all operational scenarios while avoiding unnecessary expenses tied to unlikely situations.
For additional insights into commercial and industrial (C&I) solar projects, contact Pure Power Engineering to explore our value-engineered design and construction drawing services. Our team specializes in creating efficient, reliable, and compliant solutions tailored to your needs.
[Image courtesy of RatedPower]
[Image courtesy of Canadian Solar]