The "four modernizations" in the field of Internet of Things proposed to boost the development of the information society

【New Concepts of China Instrument Network Instrumentation】 The four modernizations, namely, “industrial modernization, agricultural modernization, national defense modernization, and scientific and technological modernization”, referred to as “four modernizations”, are the national strategic objectives proposed by the Communist Party of China in the 1960s. In 1964, Premier Zhou Enlai proposed for the first time to build China into a socialist country with modern agriculture, modern industry, modern national defense, and modern science and technology. Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China has been forging ahead and gradually achieved "four modernizations."


In the 100-year history of the development of information technology (IT), these technologies have evolved from Morse code to "Eniac" computers, from transistors to integrated circuits, from mobile communications and Wi-Fi networks to artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. Deeply changes the modern human society. Looking back at the past and looking forward to the future, Wang Zhonglin, chief scientist of the Beijing Institute of Nano Energy and Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences and tenured professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in the United States, put forward the “four modernizations” in the field of information science and the Internet of Things for the first time: micro integration, wireless mobility, and functional intelligence. The article was published in the most recent issue of Materials Today (DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2016.12.001).

The development of information technology has gone through a long period of time and can be summarized as the course of computer communication technology, microelectronic technology and network technology. In 1836, Morse of the United States invented the telegraph and became the initiator of communication technology. By 1946, the University of Pennsylvania successfully developed the first computer equipment. "Eniac" marked the advent of computer communication technology. Then, the first transistor was invented in 1948, and the first integrated circuit was developed in 1958. In a short span of ten years, it triggered a revolution in microelectronics that has spread across the globe.

Microelectronics technology enables the integration of increasingly complex electronic information systems on a small silicon chip, enabling the development of electronic devices toward micro-integration, and at the same time promoting the gradual development of integrated circuits from small to medium-scale to large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits. Then in 1969, the United States successfully established the world's first computer network using packet-switching technology. By 1986, the National Science Foundation network NSFNET was established and in 1991 it enabled the Internet to enter commercial applications, making the Internet leapfrogging. Development has had a major impact on the entire information technology industry and the progress of human society.

Since the 21st century, based on the rapid development of mobile Internet technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) of the Internet of Things has become an important part and development stage of a new generation of information technology. The IoT is widely used in the convergence of networks through the communication sensing technologies such as IntelliSense, recognition technology, and pervasive computing. It is therefore also known as the third wave of the development of the world's information industry following the computer and the Internet. The Internet of Things is a technology driver that links the Internet to anything around the world (such as shipping objects, freight forwarders, people, etc.). It requires widely distributed sensors such as RFID, infrared sensors, global positioning systems, and laser scanning. Sensors, gas sensors and other information sensing equipment for health monitoring, safe home, intelligent transportation, logistics supply, environmental protection, infrastructure monitoring and security and other fields. Driving the supply of these hundreds of millions of sensors is an urgent issue. Taking into account the limited lifespan, high maintenance costs, and environmental issues of traditional battery technologies, this is not the best solution for IoT energy supply. By collecting energy (such as wind, friction, acoustics, ultrasound, biological, and fluid) from the working environment, the equipment is self-powered and can be operated and operated in a sustainable manner. This is the invention of the piezoelectric nano-generators invented by Wang Zhonglin in 2006 and 2012 respectively. For the first time, frictional nanogenerators have proposed the original motivation of self-powered systems. Nano-generators based on the time-varying electric field of the displacement current and the piezoelectric/electrostatic induction principle have the following advantages: high energy conversion efficiency at low frequencies, low volume and low cost, multiple working modes, diversity of materials, application in many fields, etc. Nano-generators are widely used in micro/nano energy collection, miniaturized sensors, and future Internet of Things.

Through the profound understanding and summary of the development trend of mobile internet at this stage, Wang Zhonglin first proposed the “four modernizations” in the fields of information science and internet of things (Figure 1): microintegration (1958-) and wireless mobility (1973-). , Functional intelligence (~2000-), Full self-driven (2006-), of which the fourth support the first three. First, in the past half century, the miniaturization of electronic products has followed Moore's Law, that is, the number of devices on the chip doubles every 18 months. Solid-state electronics make it possible to integrate many components on a single chip. Integrated circuits provide the foundation for improving reliability, reducing size, increasing computational speed, and reducing power consumption. Second, the next revolutionary advancement is the development of wireless/mobile communication technology. Through the combination of optical fiber-based information transmission and computer science, the development of the Internet has changed every corner of the world. From the first mobile phone introduced by Motorola in 1973 to the coverage of mobile phones and GPS positioning systems that are currently covered and globally handy, there is no mobile communication in people's lives. Third, in the past few decades, people can make full use of modern sensor technologies by adding functions closely related to personal healthcare to mobile devices, such as checking heartbeat, measuring blood glucose and blood, and reporting smog and ultraviolet rays at any time. Get a safer and healthier life.

The emergence of artificial intelligence and big data in recent years has made people enter the era of function and intelligence. Finally, one thing is to be sure that there is no energy supply and all electronic devices will not work! Therefore, if the mobile electronic device can be self-powered, the system can continuously operate without interruption, which is both an urgent need for the Internet of Things and a huge driving force for modern information science. As early as 2006, Wang Zhonglin wrote an article in the magazine "Science" and put forward the concept of "self-driven" for the first time (Wang, Science, 312 (2006) 242-246). Then in 2008, Wang Zhonglin was in the "Scientific United States." "People" further elaborated the theoretical foundation, experimental model and application prospect of "all self-driven" (ZL Wang, Scientific American, Jan. (2008) 82-87). Fully self-driven, free from the external power supply of electronic devices, is an important technical support and theoretical basis for the development of micro-integration, wireless mobility, and function intelligence in the future of the Internet of Things. It indicates that self-driven nanotechnology is used in sensing, robotics, and Microsystems, composite energy and other aspects of a wide range of applications.

Wang Zhonglin's original idea of ​​nano-generators was to support fully self-driven systems. In the article, Wang Zhonglin first published three application directions for nano-generators (Figure 2): micro-nano energy, self-driven sensing, and blue energy. Described specifically as self-powered as a sustainable nano/micro power supply for micro-sized devices (eg, electronic skin, implantable medical devices, wearable flexible electronic devices, etc.); as a self-driven sensor for health monitoring, biological transmission Sensation, human-computer interaction, environmental monitoring, infrastructure security, etc.; and as a basic network unit, collect seawater movement energy at low frequencies until the realization of a blue dream of a pollution-free energy source. From micro-scale energy gathering to macro-high energy density power generation, from tiny mechanical vibrations to vast oceans, nano-generator energy systems have laid a solid theoretical and technical foundation for the integration of nano-devices and large-scale energy supply, and will It can be used in many fields such as internet of things, health care, medical science, environmental protection, national defense security, and even artificial intelligence, which may affect all aspects of human social life.

(Original title: "The four modernizations in the field of information science and internet of things proposed by Beijing Nano Energy Institute"

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