Asbestos was added as an common ingredient to Brake Pads post-WWI, as car speeds began to increase, because research showed that its properties allowed it to absorb the heat (which can reach 500 °F) while still providing the friction necessary to stop a vehicle. However, as the serious health-related hazards of asbestos eventually started to become apparent, other materials had to be found. Asbestos brake pads have largely been replaced by non-asbestos organic (NAO) materials in first world countries. Today, brake pad materials are classified into one of four principal categories, as follows:
Non-metallic materials - these are made from a combination of various synthetic substances bonded into a composite, principally in the form of cellulose, aramid, PAN, and sintered glass. They are gentle on rotors, but produce a fair amount of dust, thus having a short service life.
Semi-metallic materials - synthetics mixed with varying proportions of flaked metals. These are harder than non-metallic pads, more fade-resistant and longer lasting, but at the cost of increased wear to the rotor/drum which then must be replaced sooner. They also require more actuating force than non-metallic pads in order to generate braking torque.
Fully metallic materials - these pads are used only in racing vehicles, and are composed of sintered steel without any synthetic additives. They are very long-lasting, but require more force to slow a vehicle while wearing off the rotors faster. They also tend to be very loud.
Ceramic materials - Composed of clay and porcelain bonded to copper flakes and filaments, these are a good compromise between the durability of the metal pads, grip and fade resistance of the synthetic variety. Their principal drawback, however, is that unlike the previous three types, despite the presence of the copper (which has a high thermal conductivity), ceramic pads generally do not dissipate heat well, which can eventually cause the pads or other components of the braking system to warp.However, because the ceramic materials causes the braking sound to be elevated beyond that of human hearing, they are exceptionally quiet.
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In recent years, LED has been favored by various capitals in various industries. All the capitals have rushed into the LED industry. In 2010, the investment in the LED industry in the mainland reached 217.9 billion yuan, a record high. Of course, due to the characteristics of the LED industry itself, many entrepreneurs with insufficient funds have chosen LED downstream applications as a starting point, and the scale is not large.
At present, SMEs are facing tremendous pressure and even difficulties. Compared with large enterprises that continue to receive large government subsidies and even dizzying engineering orders, most SMEs who are rejected outside the listing are lamenting unfairly. At the same time, we have to face the cold reality of lack of technology and funds. Where is the future path of change for small and medium-sized LED companies? How to find the positive energy of SMEs?
In fact, there are always two aspects to the development of things. The current stage of industrial development is when performance differentiation, promotion of technological innovation, improvement of management standards and cost control capabilities, to a certain extent, when small enterprises are facing a new ecological environment. Even more adaptable than big companies. Entrepreneurs with a sense of crisis and self-motivation can find their own direction if they are integrated or shuffled in the industry. Even if the company has limited resources, it can capture opportunities in a timely manner.
First of all, compared with large enterprises with rich financial resources and all-powerfulness, SMEs should pay more attention to the focus and professionalism of resource investment, not to invest indiscriminately, or blindly invest in some unfamiliar areas. Those big companies with strong self-confidence think that they can do well in 36 trips, but SMEs seem to be more important to keep their core things, because for SMEs, how to survive is the key, this is the key This means that every step of the way, the risk is minimized.
At the same time, focus on the path of specialization and differentiation. Including continuing to improve the cost performance of products, improve product quality, increase product added value, and constantly develop new products suitable for market needs. In particular, we must pay attention to differentiation, form our own characteristics in a certain field, and be good at surviving in the market. This is obviously very important for SMEs; for example, some chip companies have outstanding performance in green light; for example, focusing on professionalism. Sexual lighting companies, such as plant and agricultural lighting, freezer lighting, etc., are also increasingly valued by some SMEs.
In addition, understanding the market and identifying market demand are also indispensable; in particular, for small and medium-sized enterprises with limited resources, innovation can be original innovation, or innovation on the shoulders of giants, and learning from big companies is understandable. Just like the big companies like Toyota in Japan, they also became the world's most watched car group from the shoulders of giants by taking the spirit of innovation. But learning is ultimately going to be beyond some aspects.
At present, in addition to strong alliances, strong or weak alliances or weak alliances are also indispensable. SMEs can choose to be supporting enterprises of large enterprises with market channels, and tie themselves together with the interests of large enterprises. Of course, the premise is that there is a clearance. The quality of the products and the corresponding technical capabilities, it is best to have their own special products in certain areas, more easily get the favor of large enterprises. As a small and medium-sized enterprise, it is also a shortcut to strengthen communication with large enterprises, find common ground, and form cooperation and win-win.
The development of the entire industry is inseparable from the leading enterprises, but at the current stage, the strength of small and medium-sized LED enterprises with their own vision and characteristics has been indispensable, especially for the application industry that is about to usher in a big development. It is also the season when hundreds of thousands of sails are rushing, and the prospects of SMEs can still be grasped.
Exploring how mainland LED SMEs can get out of the "muddy road"